-East Indies is a mess
French-aligned states in East Indies
-Sultanate of Maguindanao
-Sultanate of Sulu
-Zamboanga Colony
-initially able to keep independence due to anglo-dutch rivalry
-dutch invasion begins in 1887, but sultan calls for jihad
-procures large french arms, dutch fail to get aristocracy on side
-eventually in 1894 dutch leave with face-saving measures
-large chinese immigration as part of reconstruction, causes some issues
-french protection now a thing, but france unable to enlargen influence greatly
-Sultanate of Kedah
-france goes to war with siam, forces it to give up malay suzerain states
-unifies kedah and partitioned kingdoms of setul, perlis, and kubang basu, incorporates terang into it
-british control of penang means france cannot centralize rule over kedah, means it stays indep for most part
-Sultanate of Patani
-france goes to war with siam, forces it to give up malay suzerain states
-unifies patani with kelantan
-france centralizes power to a degree over patani, but can't go all the way
-Sultanate of Terengganu
-france goes to war with siam, forces it to give up malay suzerain states
-Singgora Colony
-annexed by france after war with siam
-turns into major trade port, sees widespread migration
-results in muslims (majority malay) becoming plurality
-but thai, chinese people major presence as well
-Clangue Colony
-dispute over succession in Clangue, selangor causes civil war in 1880s where france intervenes
-results in france gaining selangor as influenced territory, also gets Cangue more strongly
-eventually gets Clangue as formal colony to develop as port
-New Guinea Colony
-includes almost all of the island of new guinea
-except for western bits ruled by dutch-aligned ternate and and stuff south of 8th parallel ruled by british australia
Neutral States
-Sultanate of Johor Darul Tazim
-successfully maintained independence by playing dutch and british off one another, but then rapprochement
-france comes in, fills that void, johor maintains indep
-becomes trade hub with free trade, sells gutta-percha etc
-becomes tied economically to acehnese coal
-Negeri Sembilan
-in between french Clangue and dutch malacca
-influenced by dutch-influenced payarrung as locals select yang di-pertuan besar from its royal family, but excludes current monarch's sons
-dual threats help incite centralization of the kingdom, also due to initial dutch attempts to expand influence that eventually break down post 1885
-Sultanate of Siak
British-aligned states
-Penang Colony
-Sultanate of Brunei
-Sultanate of Perak
-Bencoolen Colony
-Sultanate of Sambas
Dutch-aligned states
-Batakland
-batak people in north sumatra interior around lake toba
-being surrounded by aceh on all but one side, dutch penetrate it thru missionary activities
-further centralization of bataks as a result as dutch efforts help create region under their control
-following independence as confederation of chiefs
-later sees democratization as a republic
-Sultanate of Tidore
-with later peace to War of the French Revolution (1792-1804), Prince Nuku leaves his kingdom stabler
-Dutch attempt to destabilize it in 1810s, but largely fail
-furthermore British fail to make Tidore a vassal
-however, Dutch do succeed in reclaiming Ternate
-come 1820s, full British support during Second French War (1821-32)
-however, war comes to an end, and in 1839 Dutch engage in Tidore War to absorb it
-succeed after much battles, and by 1850s are at peace (more or less)
-this also inspires many foreigners to visit Sulawesi and Jaiolo due to length of struggle
-many unique animals there by French visitor thinking of transmutation concludes in discovery of principle of Biological Evolution
-South Maluku
-a lot of people like Ambonese privileged in East Indies
-note that Seram very much associated with northern Maluku here
-becomes republic after independence
-with various consociational arrangements b/w Christians and Muslims
-during Manado War, fights against Maluku invasion
-invading troops attacking infrastructure has effect of radicalizing Muslims against Maluku
German-aligned states
-Banjarmasin
-following end of Second French War (1821-32) Hanover is able to gain an influence over here
-due to Dutch massively weakened by war
-and growth of German influence intensifies due to use of gutta-percha in Telegraphy > Submarine cables
Italian-aligned states
-Sultanate of Bulungan
-as part of Heads of Italy > 1854-1863 Giuseppe Mazzini (Young Italy) wanting to make Italy self-sufficient
-Italy successfully establishes it as a protectorate in order to ensure a ready supply of gutta-percha
Russian-aligned states
-Sultanate of Brunei
-a Russian trader acquires land in Brunei after Impeachment of Brooke
-this helps turn into the Russian East India Company and expands into full-on protectorate status against the British
-this becomes important part of Russian gutta-percha made for Telegraphy
-with collapse of Russian Pacific empire in Russo-Chinese War (1893-9) this disintegrates